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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">(6) python中面向对象</h1>
        

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        <p><img src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/14597179-fa443ae94cd458c3.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" alt="变量上为 类变量，实例变量"></p>
<p>有意义的面向对象的代码<br>类  是面向对象最核心的观念<br>类、对象<br>实例化<br>类最基本的作用：封装<br>一定要用self,引用 self.<br>类只负责定义，不会去运行<br>类和对象。<br>数据成员<br>构造函数可以让模板生成不同的对象</p>
<p><strong>类是现实世界或思维世界中的实体在计算机中的反馈</strong><br><strong>它将数据以及这些数据上的操作封装在一起</strong></p>
<p><strong>类 被   实例化后  就成了一个具体的对象</strong><br><strong>类就像是一个模板，通过类  就可以产生很多对象。</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#比如这段代码为  1.py</span><br><span class="line">class Human():</span><br><span class="line">    sum = 0  #在class内部定义变量    类变量 （和类相关联在一起的）</span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):#构造函数 ，</span><br><span class="line">    #文件夹中得含有  _init_.py   模块才会被认为是一个包。包 导入时会优先运行.</span><br><span class="line">    #初始化对象属性  </span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name # 定义实例时需要self，调用实例不需要给self赋参 </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age   #定义实例变量，实例变量只和对象相关 self.</span><br><span class="line">        #return NONE (构造函数只能返回NONE)  (补充知识)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def get_name(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def do_homework(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&apos;This is a parent method&apos;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from 1.py import Human  </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Student(Human):     #Human是Student的父类，Student是Human的子类</span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,school,name,age):</span><br><span class="line">        self.school = school </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        super(Student,self).__init__(name,age)  #建议以此方式调用父类</span><br><span class="line">        #super 不仅仅可用于构造函数，也可以用于普通的实例方法</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        # Human.__init__(self,name,age)   #子类里调用父类构造函数</span><br><span class="line">        #self   用类调用实例方法没意义，所以加self</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    #     self.age = age </span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def do_homework(self):      #子类和父类同名的话，不会报错，先使用子类</span><br><span class="line">        #super(Student,self).do_homework()  #This is a parent method</span><br><span class="line">        print(&apos;English homework&apos;)</span><br><span class="line">        </span><br><span class="line">student1 = Student(&apos;jinan university&apos;,&apos;wei&apos;,18) #实例化</span><br><span class="line">student1.do_homework() #English homework</span><br><span class="line">print(student1.name) #wei</span><br><span class="line">print(student1.age)#18</span><br><span class="line">#继承   单继承  多继承</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>定义一个类</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():</span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;&apos;   #在class内部定义变量    类变量 （和类相关联在一起的）</span><br><span class="line">    age = 0   </span><br><span class="line">    #行为 与  特征   </span><br><span class="line">         </span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,age,name):        #构造函数(实例化后，会自动调用)</span><br><span class="line">        #初始化对象属性</span><br><span class="line">        self.neme = name </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age        #定义实例变量，实例变量只和对象相关 self.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    #    #return NONE (构造函数只能返回NONE)  (补充知识)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def print_files(self):        #在class内部定义函数</span><br><span class="line">        print(&apos;name:&apos;+ self.name)</span><br><span class="line">        print(&apos;age:&apos;+ str(self.age))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">student = Student()  #类的实例化</span><br><span class="line">student.print_files()  #类下面方法的调用</span><br><span class="line">#  建议 类的实例化以及类下面方法的调用 与类的定义放在不同的模块。</span><br><span class="line"># 定义实例时需要self，调用实例不需要给self赋参</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>详解</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 模块</span><br><span class="line">c = 50</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def add(x, y):</span><br><span class="line">    c= x+y </span><br><span class="line">    print(c)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">add(1,2)       #3   函数中局部变量的值</span><br><span class="line">print(c)       #50  全局变量的值</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"># 两个print(c)的区别 </span><br><span class="line"># 局部变量不会改变全局变量的值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>类和模块要区别对待</strong></p>
<h6 id="‘类变量’-和-类-关联在一起的"><a href="#‘类变量’-和-类-关联在一起的" class="headerlink" title="‘类变量’     和 类  关联在一起的"></a>‘类变量’     和 类  关联在一起的</h6><p>######’实例变量’    和 对象 关联在一起的<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():        </span><br><span class="line">    sum=0   </span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;   </span><br><span class="line">    age = 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):   </span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name            </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def marking(self,sorce):         #内部访问</span><br><span class="line">        if sorce &lt; 0:                #建议通过方法 对 类变量赋值</span><br><span class="line">            # sorce =0</span><br><span class="line">            return &apos;不能给同学打负分&apos;</span><br><span class="line">        self.__sorce = sorce</span><br><span class="line">        print(self.name + &apos;同学本次的考试分数为：&apos; + str(self.__sorce))</span><br><span class="line">        return &apos;hello&apos;</span><br><span class="line">result =  student1.marking(80)#wang同学本次的考试分数为：80</span><br><span class="line">print(result)   #hello</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():        </span><br><span class="line">    sum=0    #   类变量   和类相关</span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;   #在class内部定义变量    类变量</span><br><span class="line">    age = 0           # 类中赋值没有意义的。   #21 ，22 其实是与对象相关，不应出现在这</span><br><span class="line">    # 行为 与  特征   </span><br><span class="line">         </span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):     #构造函数(实例化后，会自动调用),是一个特殊的方法</span><br><span class="line">        #主要是被用来初始化对象属性</span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name            #实例方法操控实例变量</span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line">        print(self.__class__.sum)   </span><br><span class="line">        print(Student.sum)</span><br><span class="line">        self.__class__.sum +=1      #实例方法访问类变量中的sum</span><br><span class="line">        print(Student.sum)</span><br><span class="line">student1 = Student(&apos;wang&apos;,18)</span><br><span class="line">student2 = Student(&apos;li&apos;,19)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>类方法主要操作和类相关的变量</strong><br><strong>用类调用类方法</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():        </span><br><span class="line">    sum=0   </span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;   </span><br><span class="line">    age = 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):   </span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name            </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @classmethod                  #让其成为类方法     </span><br><span class="line">    def plus_sum(cls):             #sum每运行一次就+1</span><br><span class="line">        cls.sum+=1</span><br><span class="line">        print(cls.sum)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">student1 = Student(&apos;wang&apos;,18)</span><br><span class="line">Student.plus_sum()  #用类调用类方法</span><br><span class="line">student2 = Student(&apos;li&apos;,19)</span><br><span class="line">Student.plus_sum()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>对象调用类方法(python可用但最好不要用)</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():        </span><br><span class="line">    sum=0   </span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;   </span><br><span class="line">    age = 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):   </span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name            </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @classmethod                  #让其成为类方法     </span><br><span class="line">    def plus_sum(cls):             #sum每运行一次就+1</span><br><span class="line">        cls.sum+=1</span><br><span class="line">        print(cls.sum)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">student1 = Student(&apos;wang&apos;,18)</span><br><span class="line">student1.plus_sum()  #用对象调用类方法</span><br><span class="line">student2 = Student(&apos;li&apos;,19)</span><br><span class="line">student2.plus_sum()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>静态方法</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():        </span><br><span class="line">    sum=0   </span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;   </span><br><span class="line">    age = 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age):   </span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name            </span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @staticmethod                #静态方法</span><br><span class="line">    def add(x):</span><br><span class="line">        print(Student.sum)</span><br><span class="line">        print(&apos;this is a static method&apos;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>静态方法 能用的地方 基本可以用  类方法替代(最好用类方法)</strong><br><strong>当和类和对象没多大关系的时候,可以使用静态方法</strong><br><strong>静态方法和类方法  均不能访问  实例变量</strong></p>
<p><strong>类中赋值没有意义的。</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Student():</span><br><span class="line">    name = &apos;weilai&apos;</span><br><span class="line">    age = 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self,name,age): </span><br><span class="line">        name = name   </span><br><span class="line">        age = age</span><br><span class="line">      </span><br><span class="line">student1 = Student(&apos;wang&apos;,18)</span><br><span class="line">print(student1.name)   #weilai</span><br><span class="line">print(student1.age)    #0</span><br><span class="line">print(student1.__dict__)    #&#123;&#125;   #__dict__显示student1下所有的变量，即没有变量</span><br><span class="line"># python  会先在  实列变量上寻找 ，寻找不到就会到类变量里寻找，（然后再到父类里寻找）</span><br><span class="line"># 所以即使student1为空，也显示了类变量下的值</span><br><span class="line">#公开的 public    私有的（外部不能访问）private  在方法或变量前加__ 表示私有的</span><br><span class="line">#__init__ 构造函数是python特有的，可以从外部访问</span><br><span class="line">#print(student1._Student__sorce)    表明python中私有只是改了一个名字</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

      
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                    }
                    if (end < position + word.length) {
                      end = position + word.length;
                    }
                    if(end > content.length){
                      end = content.length;
                    }
                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
                  }

                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count

                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
                    } else {
                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
                    }
                  });

                  // select top N slices in content

                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
                  }

                  // highlight title and content

                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
                    var result = '';
                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
                      prevEnd = end;
                    });
                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
                    return result;
                  }

                  var resultItem = '';

                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
                  } else {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
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